Plasmid-mediated mcr-1 in carbapenem-susceptible Escherichia coli ST156 causing a blood infection: an unnoticeable spread of colistin resistance in Brazil?

OBJECTIVE: We describe an IncX4 pHC891/16mcr plasmid carrying mcr-1 in a colistin-resistant and carbapenem-susceptible E. coli isolate (HC891/16), ST156, which caused a blood infection in a Brazilian patient with gallbladder adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Strain HC891/16 was subjected to whole genome sequencing using the MiSeq Platform (Illumina, Inc., USA). Assembly was performed using Mira and ABACAS. RESULTS: The isolates showed resistance only to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and cefoxitin, and whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of aac(6')Ib-cr and blaTEM1. CONCLUSION: Our findings warn of the possible silent dissemination of colistin resistance by carbapenem-susceptible mcr-1 producers, as colistin susceptibility is commonly tested only among carbapenem-resistant isolates.

Primer relevamiento de marcadores de resistencia a antibióticos en Enterobacteriaceae en Cochabamba, Bolivia / First survey on antibiotic resistance markers in Enterobacteriaceae in Cochabamba, Bolivia

A molecular survey was conducted in Cochabamba, Bolivia, to characterize the mechanism involved in the resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. Extended Spectrum β-lactamase encoding genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) markers were investigated in a total of 101 oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant enterobacteria recovered from different health centers during four months (2012-2013). CTX-M enzymes were detected in all isolates, being the CTX-M-1 group the most prevalent (88.1%). The presence of blaOXA-1 was detected in 76.4% of these isolates. A high quinolone resistance rate was observed among the included isolates. The aac(6′)-Ib-cr gene was the most frequent PMQR identified (83.0%). Furthermore, 6 isolates harbored the qnrB gene. Interestingly, qepA1 (6) and oqxAB (1), were detected in 7 Escherichia coli, being the latter the first to be reported in Bolivia. This study constitutes the first molecular survey on resistance markers in clinical enterobacterial isolates in Cochabamba, Bolivia, contributing to the regional knowledge of the epidemiological situation. The molecular epidemiology observed herein resembles the scene reported in South America.

Se llevó a cabo un relevamiento molecular de la resistencia a antibióticos de importancia clínica en aislamientos recuperados en Cochabamba, Bolivia. Se estudiaron los genes codificantes de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido y de resistencia a quinolonas de localización plasmídica (PMQR) en un total de 101 aislamientos de enterobacterias resistentes a oximinocefalosporinas recuperados en distintos centros de salud, durante 4 meses (2012-2013). En todos ellos se detectó la presencia de cefotaximasas, las CTX-M grupo 1 fueron las más prevalentes (88,1%). La presencia de blaOXA-1 se detectó en el 76,4% de estos aislamientos. Se observó una elevada proporción de aislamientos resistentes a quinolonas. El gen aac(6′)-Ib-cr fue el determinante PMQR más frecuentemente identificado (83%). Además, 6 aislamientos resultaron ser portadores de qnrB. Por otro lado, cabe remarcar que 7 Escherichia coli presentaron qepA1 (6) y oqxAB (1); se documenta así por primera vez la presencia de oqxAB en Bolivia. Este estudio constituye el primer relevamiento de marcadores de resistencia en aislamientos clínicos de enterobacterias en Cochabamba, Bolivia; de este modo se contribuye al conocimiento regional de la situación epidemiológica, la cual presenta un escenario similar al observado en el resto de Latinoamérica.

Evaluation of anti-Wnt/β-catenin signaling agents by pGL4-TOP transfected stable cells with a luciferase reporter system

Refractory and relapsed leukemia is a major problem during cancer therapy, which is due to the aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Activation of this pathway is promoted by wingless (Wnt) proteins and induces co-activator β-catenin binding to lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF)/T-cell factor protein (TCF). To provide a convenient system for the screening of anti-Wnt/β-catenin agents, we designed a bi-functional pGL4-TOP reporter plasmid that contained 3X β-catenin/LEF/TCF binding sites and a selectable marker. After transfection and hygromycin B selection, HEK 293-TOP and Jurkat-TOP stable clones were established. The luciferase activity in the stable clone was enhanced by the recombinant Wnt-3A (rWnt-3A; 100-400 ng/mL) and GSK3β inhibitor (2’Z,3’E)-6-bromoindirubin-3’-oxime (BIO; 5 µM) but was inhibited by aspirin (5 mM). Using this reporter model, we found that norcantharidin (NCTD; 100 µM) reduced 80 percent of rWnt-3A-induced luciferase activity. Furthermore, 50 µM NCTD inhibited 38 percent of BIO-induced luciferase activity in Jurkat-TOP stable cells. Employing ³H-thymidine uptake assay and Western blot analysis, we confirmed that NCTD (50 µM) significantly inhibited proliferation of Jurkat cells by 64 percent, which are the dominant β-catenin signaling cells and decreased β-catenin protein in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, we established a stable HEK 293-TOP clone and successfully used it to identify the Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor NCTD.

DNA degradation by aqueous extract of Aloe vera in the presence of copper ions.

The plant Aloe vera has long been used in medicine, as dietary supplements and for cosmetic purposes. Aloe vera extracts are a rich source of polyphenols, such as aloin and aloe emodin and have shown a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The bioactive component aloe emodin has been reported to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. Many of the biological activities of Aloe vera have been attributed to its antioxidant properties. However, most plant-derived polyphenols that are also present in Aloe vera may exhibit pro-oxidant properties either alone or in the presence of transition metals, such as copper. Previous reports from this laboratory have implicated the pro-oxidant action as one of the mechanisms for their anti-cancer properties. In the present paper, we show that aqueous extract of Aloe vera is also able to cause DNA degradation in the presence of copper ions. Further, the extract is also able to reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I) and generate reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner, which correlates with ability of the extract to cause DNA breakage. Thus, the study shows that in addition to antioxidant activity, Aloe vera extract also possess pro-oxidant properties, leading to oxidative DNA breakage.

DNA damage by ribose: Inhibition at high ribose concentrations.

Nucleobases and DNA react non-enzymatically with sugars, and generate DNA-advanced glycation end products (DNA-AGEs). Incubation of plasmid pBr322 with ribose for 3-7 days caused the transformation of the supercoiled plasmid to the open circular and linear forms. Removal of sugar after an initial 24 h incubation resulted in marked enhancement in the transformation rate. Enhancement in transformation was also observed when bovine serum albumin (BSA) exposed to ribose for short durations was incubated with plasmid in absence of the sugar. The effect on DNA was attenuated when excess ribose remained in the incubation mixture of ribose and protein. The data suggested that an increase in ribose concentration in the vicinity of DNA could be damaging and the damage exacerbated, if sugar levels fell subsequently. Incubation of herring sperm DNA with ribose resulted in a concentration and time-dependent increase of N2-carboxyethyl-2’-deoxyguanosine (CEdGA,B). The concentration of CEdGA,B, however, did not increase further when ribose was removed from the reaction mixture.

Effect of endosulfan on growth, alpha amylase activity and plasmids amplification in Bacillus subtilis.

Endosulfan, a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide of cyclodiene subgroup acts as a contact poison in a wide variety of organisms. In the present study, the effect of endosulfan on the growth, alpha amylase activity and plasmid amplification was investigated in Bacillus subtilis system. The bacteria were grown in medium, incubated with different concentrations (32, 48, 64 and 80 microg/mL) of endosulfan. The bacterial growth was gradually seen after 1st day at up to 48 microg/L endosulfan. The 48 microg/L endosulfan inhibited approximately 50% of the bacterial growth. No growth was observed at and after 64 microg/L endosulfan, for all days (1-5). Also, no alpha amylase activity was found in the supernatant of the culture medium containing 64 and 80 microg/L endosulfan, whereas slight activity was observed with 32 and 48 microg/L endosulfan concentration. The amount of plasmid increased up to 50% in the presence of 32 microg/L endosulfan. Endosulfan had no effect on the alpha amylase activity in vitro.

Aetiology of shigellosis in northern Pakistan.

People of northern Pakistan face health hazards because of poor sanitation practices. Bacterial gastrointestinal infections are very common, and sometimes outbreaks occur. The present study was aimed at evaluating and analyzing infestation of Shigella spp. in patients with suspected gastroenteritis and ascertaining the status of antibiotic therapy. Five hundred and eighty-five faecal samples of patients with suspected gastroenteritis, referred to the District Headquarter Hospital Gilgit, were investigated for common enteropathogenic bacteria from July 1997 to September 1999. Seventy-seven (13.2%) of the faecal specimens were infected with different strains of Shigella spp., 61% of which were Shigella dysenteriae, 15.6% were S. flexneri, and 23.4% were Shigella sp. All Shigella strains were sensitive to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and enoxacin. Sixty-one percent of the strains were resistant to both ampicillin and chloramphenicol, and 3.9% to ampicillin and nalidixic acid, while 10.4% were resistant to ampicillin alone and 14.3% to chloramphenicol only. Only 10.4% of the strains were sensitive to all the antibiotics tested. Sixty strains of Shigella spp. were processed for isolation of plasmids, and 58 (97%) of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria harboured at least one plasmid. The number of plasmids varied from 1 to 9. Escherichia coli C600 were transformed with the isolated plasmids. Transformants, containing 23-kb plasmid, resisted growth in media containing antibiotics, thereby indicating that antibiotic resistance is plasmid-borne. Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that the infestation of Shigella spp. is high in northern Pakistan, the aetiological agents are highly resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin, and the antibiotic resistance is mediated by the 23-kb plasmid.

Effect of phenol on ultra structure and plasmid DNA of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.

Most phenolic substances of plant origin are toxic to microorganisms and they confer some degree of protection to plants against phytopathogens. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, bacterial blight pathogen of rice (Oryza sativa) was treated with phenol (monohydroxy benzene) and its effects on the morphology and cytological changes of the bacterium were studied. Total lysis of cells occurred with 5 mM conc of phenol while at 2 mM conc, the cell walls became rough and cell contents started shrinking. Plasmids isolated from both treated (2 mM) and control cells did not show any marked difference under electron microscope except that they differed in their quantity and might influence pathogenicity.

Construction of a cassette for cloning and analysis of replicons / Construccion de un cassette para el clonamiento y analisis de replicones

The aim of this work was the construction of a cassette, i.e., a non-replicative molecule formed by linkage of an antibiotic resistance gene and a multiple cloning site. This cassette would allow the cloning and analysis of a wide range of replicons. The aac(6')-lc amikacin gene was isolated and ligated to the multiple clining site of the pUC18 vector. This construction was HindIII digested and cloned in the HindIII site of the vector. The resulting pHJ13 clone conferred to the recipient cells the ability to grow in presence of amikacin (cassette marker) and ampicillin (vector gene). By restriction analysis, the cassette orientation was established. Cassette versatility is provided by the presence of the unaltered multiple cloning site segment, and also because it allows sequencing of any replication origin inserted. Cassette funcionality was demonstrated by ligation to a replicative region of H plasmid pHH1457. Presence of the ori region from pHH1457 and the aac(6')-lc gene was confirmed in E. coli transformed clones. The incompatibility properties of the pHH1457 and its capability to replicate in a Poll defective strain were preserved in the pHJII14 construct. Currently, the amikacin cassette is being used in the characterization of H Complex plasmids.

El objetivo de este trabajo es la construcción de un cassette ­ molécula no replicativa ­ formada por un gen de resistencia a un antibiótico y una región de múltiple sitios de clonamiento. Este cassette permitirá el clonamiento y análisis de una amplia variedad de replicones. El gen que determina resistencia a amikacina (aac (6')-Ic) fue aislado y ligado a la región de múltiple sitios de clonamiento del vector pUC18. La construcción resultante fue digerida con Hind III y clonada en el sitio Hind III del vector. El clon pHJ13 resultante confirió a las células receptoras la capacidad de crecer en presencia de amikacina (marcador del cassette) y ampicilina (marcador del vector). Mediante análisis con enzimas de restricción se determinó la orientación del cassette. La versatilidad del cassette se sustenta en la presencia, sin modificaciones, de la región de múltiple sitios de clonamiento, que permitirá obtener la secuencia de nucleótidos de cualquier origen de replicación insertado. La funcionalidad del cassette fue demostrada mediante el ligamiento a una región de replicación del plásmido pHH1457 (Complejo H). La presencia de la región ori de pHH1457 y del gen aac (6')-Ic fue confirmada en clones de E. coli. Las propiedades de incompatibilidad del plásmido H y su capacidad para replicarse en una cepa defectiva en PolI se conservaron en el plásmido pHJII14 construido. El cassette de amikacina está siendo utilizado en la caracterización de plásmidos del Complejo H. P

pUCV11001, an InscH plasmid isolated in a Escherichia coli strain from a healthy child / pUCV11001, un plasmido aislado de una cepa de Escherichia coli proveniente de un niño sano

Plasmids conferring resistance to potassium tellurite but not to other antimicrobial agents were detected among E. coli multiresistant strains isolated from healthy children during a survey in Caracas. Few of them were autotransferable to E. coli K12 and they were conjugative only at temperatures below 30-C. They also conferred to the host cells resistance to lethal action of colicin B, PacB character. pUCV11001, a prototype, was classified into the incompatibility group HI, subgroup H12. Presence of these non antimicrobial resistant IncH plasmids in E. coli from human souerces is indicative of their wide distribution among Enterobacteria in nature

Identification of mutagenic site of c-H-ras oncogene damaged by N-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene(AAAF)

A molecularly cloned human cellular H-ras (c-H-ras) oncogene(pbc N1 plasmid) was treated with N-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene (AAAF) in vitro and subcloned into E.coli. This was done to identify the mutational changes at specific codons of the gene. Guanine nucleotides were identified as the major AAAF binding site of the DNA adduct formed. Base changes in codons 12 and 61 were determined by the analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and site specific oligonucleotide hybridization. RFLP was observed due to the loss of the Hpall recognition site at codon 11 and 12 of AAAF-treated c-H-ras gene. Hybridization of AAAF treated c-H-ras with 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probes for the mutant alleles of codon 61 showed no substitutions at codon 61. From these results, it is assumed that AAAF treatment in vitro caused mutation at codon 12 but not at codon 61 of the c-H-ras oncogene and that codon 12 is the primary target of mutation by AAAF

Neisseria gonorrhoeae produtora de penicilinase no Recife, Brasil / Neisseria gonorrhoeae producing penicillinase in Recife, Brazil

Embora linhagens de Neisseria gonorrhoeae produtoras de penicilinase (NGPP) fossem primeiramente reconhecidas no Recife desde maio de 1983, a incidência permaneceu baixa (0,6%) até março de 1986 quando aquela proporçäo elevou-se rapidamente atingindo 8,3%. Tal aumento foi atribuído à introduçäo de uma nova cepa de NGPP, pertencente ao sorogrupo IB, na comunidade. Coincidentemente, como resultado de modificaçöes na política econômica, o tratamento da gonorréia com drogas beta-lactamase resistentes foi prejudicado facilitando a disseminaçäo daquela cepa resistente. A maioria das NGPP (95%) isoladas durante esse estudo abrigavam o plasmídio de 4,7Mdal sem o plasmídio conjugativo, e 80% das isoladas em 1986 pertenceram ao sorogrupo IB. Todas as NGPP foram sensíveis ao tianfenicol, espectinomicina, rosoxacina e cefotaxima, porém exigiram concentraçöes inibitórias mínimas maiores que as linhagens penicilina susceptíveis

Plasmid curing of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and high temperature incubation

A eficiência de um método de cura näo convencional, baseado no crescimento de culturas em meio com SDS e subsequente incubaçäo em temperatura elevada, foi analisada em relaçäo a eliminaçäo do plasmídeo Folac em Escherichia coli K12. Nenhum efeito curagênico pode ser atribuído a incubaçäo em meio com SDS. Frequências de cura elevadas foram observadas apenas após o tratamento da linhagem em meio EC a 44,5-C. Tanto a temperatura como a composiçäo do meio foram fatores importantes para a eliminaçäo final do plasmídeo. A aplicaçäo da técnica em plasmídeo de Salmonella typhimurium näo demonstrou vantagens significativas em relaçäo a métodos de cura convencionais como a incubaçäo em meio com brometo de etídeo. O mesmo resultado foi observado após a transferência por conjugaçäo de plasmídeos de S. typhimurium para células de E. coli

Transferencia plasmidial de muetirresistencia en cepas enteropatógenas de Escherichia coli serogrupo 0111 / Plasmid multiresistance transference in enteropathogenic strains of serogroup 0111 Escherichia coli

Se estudió la sensibilidad de los antibióticos de 38 cepas enteropatógenas de Escherichia coli 0111 provenientes de niños menores de dos años, 29 obtenidas de pacientes con diarrea, las restantes de sujetos asintomáticos. Se encontró que 55% de las cepas eran resistentes a 3 o más antimicrobianos simultáneamente; de ellas todas lo eran a ampicilina, 90% a kananicina y carbenicilina y alrededor de 80% a estreptomicina y cefalotina; todas las cepas eran sensibles a furazolidona y 90% a gentamicina. Entre las cepas multirresistentes, 34% eran capaces de transferir, mediante conjugación, 2 a 6 determinantes de resistencia. El peso molecular de los plasmidios asociados a la transferencia flutuaba entre 41 y 80 Megadaltons (Md), predominando el de 54-55 Md. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de multirresistencia y la capacidad de transferir entre cepas provenientes de niños con diarrea y asintomáticos

Antimicrobial resistance and conjugative R plasmids in Escherichia coli strains isolated from animals in Peninsular Malaysia.

Fifteen independent E. coli strains of avian, bovine and porcine origin in Peninsular Malaysia were tested for antibiotic resistance and conjugative R plasmids. Eight (53%) isolates were found to be antibiotic resistant. Among them, 37.5% were mono-resistant and 62.5% were resistant to three or more antibiotics, i.e., multi-resistant. All of them were resistant to Tc and sensitive to Gm and Nx. Three of the eight antibiotic resistant strains were able to transfer all or part of their resistance to an E. coli K12 recipient by conjugation. The transfer frequencies of Km, Sm and Tc resistance of the three donors varied between 4.5 X 10(-8) to 6.8 X 10(-7). Analysis of the plasmid profiles of all the three donors and their respective transconjugants after agarose gel electrophoresis provided conclusive evidence that the transferable resistance traits were plasmid-mediated.